Unit 6 A Great Young Athlete
unit 6 a great young athlete单元语法
一、现在完成时用法 have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已经发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在发生在过去但它的影响还存在。
i have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没钱花了)
jane has laid the table.(含义是:已经可以吃饭了。)
2.现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since 连用。
mary has been ill for three days. i have lived here since 1998.
3.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如 already, yet, just,before,recently,lately等:
he has already obtained a scholarship . i haven’t seen much of him recently (lately) .
we have seen that film before. have they found the missing child yet .
4.现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如 often,sometimes,ever,never,twice, on several occasions 等:
have you ever been to beijing? i have never heard bunny say anything against her.
5.现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:如 now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/ week/ month/year,just, today,up to present,so far 等:
peter has written six papers so far .
there has been too much rain in san francisco this year.
6.现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响依然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
thomas has studied russian . (现在不再学俄语)
thomas has studied russian for three years. (=thomas began to study russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.(现在仍在学俄语)
7.现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。we have had four texts this semester.
一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”。
1.现在完成时的“完成用法”
现在完成时的“完成用法” 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但
该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:he has
turned off the light.他已经把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况——灯现在
不亮了。)
现在完成时的“完成用法”的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时
间状语(如:already, yet, before recently 等)频度时间状语(如:never,ever, once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning /month / year…,today等)连用。
例如:have you found your pen yet ? 你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的“未完成用法”
现在完成时的“未完成用法”指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:he has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这。(动作开始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
i have been in the army for more than 5years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)共2页,当前第1页12
Unit 6 A Great Young Athlete
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since 或 for 引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now, so far)等。
例如:i have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
◆注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come, go, arrive, leave, join, become, die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:①主语+have/has been+for短语②it is+一段时间+since从句
例如:he has been in the league for three years.
或it is three years since he joined the league.他入团已三年了
三、比较过去时与现在完成时
1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in october, just now,具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:this morning , tonight, this april, now, once, before, already, recently, lately
现在完成时间的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例:
i saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)
i have seen thin film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
she has returned from paris .她已从巴黎回来了。she returned yesterday.她是昨天回来的。
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
四、延续动词与瞬间动词
1.用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
he has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)
i’ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2.用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”
he didn’t come back until ten o’clock. 他到10点才回来。
he slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10点
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