英文书信一般由六部分组成。即:信头(Heading)、信内地址(Inside Address),称呼(Salutation),正文(Body of Letter)、结束语(Complimentary Close)、署名(Signature),有时在书信后面还有附言(Postscript)、附件(Enclosure),这得视具体情况而定。
一般分为商业信函(Business Letters)和私人书信(Personal Letters)两种,而高考书面表达一般都是要求写私人书信。具体如下:
1.信头:寄信人的地址和写信日期,写在信的右上角。注意英语中地名的写法与中文不同,要从小到大;日期的写法也与中文不同,不是写在签名之下,而是写在寄信人的地址之下。习惯上人们采用美式英语表达,即月、日、年,月,日与年之间用逗号隔开,月份尽量不要缩写,如June 8,20xx;而英式英语表达则为日、月、年,中间不用逗号隔开,如8 June 20xx。
2.称呼:自成一行,顶格写。称呼语常用:Dear Sir/Madam/Manager/Editor/friends/Bob,称呼之后一般用逗号。
3.正文:信件的主体部分即为信的正文。正文写在称呼的下一行,与Dear后第一个单词对齐。正文通常包括三部分,即开头、目的和结尾。正文的开头语常用:Thank you for your last letter asking about...;I’m glad to...。正文的结尾语是正文的一部分,常常另起一行,常用的结尾语有:I’m looking forward to your reply;Thanks and all the best;Best wishes;Wishing you a pleasant journey。
4.结束语:结束语与正文的结尾语不一样,它要写在结尾语的下一行,位于书信的右下角,后面用逗号。常用的结束语有Yours sincerely, Yours, Sincerely yours, Yours truly等;
5.签名:签名写在结束语的下一行,与结束语对齐,也就是签上写信人的名字。
一封正规的私人书信格式如下:
Dear David,
I’ve learned it from the Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learn the Chinese language and culture.
_________________________________________________________________
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
值得注意的是近些年来,高考增加了一种较为灵活的书信写作形式,即:写回信。这类题型中,书信正文的开头除简单的问候(How are you?/ How’s everything going?)外,应该总结一下上封来信中提出的问题、需求等,使读者更清楚地了解这封回信的意图。
【试题内容】
假定你是来自英国的旅游者约翰.史密斯, 现用英语给十中的校长写一封感谢信, 内容如下:
1.昨天你在公园游览时丢失钱包,里面有很多钱,还有护照和机票。
2.当晚有一个男孩找到你的房间,送还拾到的钱包。你想给钱他作为感谢,被他拒绝。
3.你从宾馆经理那里获悉,他是十中的学生,名叫李华。
注:字数:100 左右。
【参考范文】
Dear sir,
I am a tourist from the UK. Yesterday I visited the park and had a wonderful time there. But when I returned to the hotel, I found my wallet missing. There was a lot of money in it, and above all, there were also my passport and flight ticket. Naturally I was very worried. In the evening , the hotel manager brought a boy to my room. The boy handed me my wallet. I thanked him and offered him some money. But he politely refused. Form the manager, I learned he is a schoolboy of your school and his name is LiHua.
Yours,
John Smith