第一章 写作测试内容
第一节 《大学英语教学大纲》对写作的基本要求
英语写作考试的目的是测试考生用英语书面表达思想的能力， 按照《大学英语四级考试大纲》的要求，学生应在30分钟内写出一篇120 ~ 150词的短文。试卷上给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图表作文，或给出段首句要求续写，或给出提示写成短文。能写短信和便条。其评分原则和标准是：从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。文章要能“正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。”显然，测试考生实际交际能力是第一位的，然后才是运用语言的水平，将二者综合起来，全面地考察学生在书面表达方面使用语言的能力。
第二节 评分办法及评分标准
一．评分办法
1． CET4是检查考生是否达到了大学英语教学大纲所规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2． CET4作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）的方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）， 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
3． 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达，要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
4． 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分，该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应给中间的几种分数。
二．评分标准
1． 作文题满分为15分。
2． 阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分，各有标准样卷一至二份。
3． 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。
4． 2分 — 条理不清楚，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严
重语言错误。
5分 — 基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。
8分 — 基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，
其中一些是严重错误。
11分 — 切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分 — 切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个
别小错。
[注：白卷、作文与题目毫不相关或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分]
5． 字数不足应酌情扣分：
累计字数 CET4 90~ 99 80 ~ 89 70 ~ 79 60 ~ 69 50 ~ 59 < 19
扣分 1 2 3 5 7 9
[ 注：1. 如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得记入所写字数。
2. 只写一段者：0~4分；只写两段者：0~9分（指规定三段的作文）]
6． 为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文相当于百分制的得分列表如下，称为得分率，其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分）。
作文分 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
得分率 100 94 87 80 74 67 60 54 47 40 34 27 20 14 7
第三节 评分实例
为了能够让大学英语的广大师生们更直观地体会写作的具体要求，从而既让教师做到在指导写作时知道用什么样的标准去约束和引导学生的写作行为，更好地预见在低档作文中经常出现的各种典型错误，又使学生能够了解何种作文为高档作文，何种作文为低档作文，好在何处，差在什么地方，特就题为 A Letter to a Schoolmate 这样一篇作文进行分析，以求达到更佳的学习和操练效果。
11 points
You can’t imagine how happy I was when I heard that you would come to visit me. We haven’t seen each other for a long time, so I am counting the days.
I have arranged a schedule for our holiday. You haven’t been to Shanghai before. When you see it, you will be hard to believe your eyes. Shanghai is very modern. First, we will go out for shopping, and then go some sight-seeings, such as Yu Yuan Garden and People square. If you like, we can go to see some old friends. I bet they will be as happy as I am when seeing you. Do you like the suggestion I made above? If there is something unsuitable, we will talk about them when you arrive. OK ?
Oh, please remember to bring your winter clothes with you, because Shanghai is a little bit colder than Sichuan.
Remember me to your parents.
评析
这篇作文内容切题，提纲要求的三方面内容都写到了，文字简洁，层次清楚，语言错误比较少。写得好的句子如：You can’t imagine how happy I was when…，I am counting the days，I bet they will be as happy as I am ...，Remember me to your parents等。
不足之处主要有两方面：
1． 文章的组织不够严密，尤其是第2段。第1句讲，我给你的假期做了一个安排，接
下去第3句讲上海非常摩登，然后讲购物，再下去才讲观光。这样写，很难看出讲上海非常摩登的那3句话与假期安排有什么关系。试看修改后的文字：I have drawn up a schedule for your holiday. As you haven’t been to Shanghai before, I guess the first thing you’d like to do is to make a tour of the city. You will find it hard to believe your eyes when you see it, for it is very modern now. So first, we will go sightseeing …。内容和文字基本上都是原来的，只是把句子的次序调整了一下， 将原先的一些简单句适当加以合并，把主从关系明确起来，把观光的内容提到购物前面，文章的逻辑性就大大改善了。所以我们写文章，不仅要有内容，还要想办法把这些内容组织好。写完之后，自己要多读几遍，发现有不顺的地方，要想办法修改，直到满意为止。
2． 句子结构和词语搭配上都有一些错误。例如：第2段第3句中you will be hard to
believe your eyes应改为you will find it hard to believe your eyes。it代表后面的不定式短语to believe your eyes，即：“你会觉得to believe your eyes这个事有困难”，按原来的写法，就变成“你这个人困难”了。这一类句子结构上的问题一定要搞清楚，否则，要提高写作能力就很困难。词语搭配上，arranged a schedule应改为drawn up a schedule, worked out a schedule, made up a schedule 或made out a schedule。arrange的意思是make plans for something to happen， 所以我们可以讲arrange a meeting, arrange a trip, arrange an appointment等等，但一般不说arrange a plan, arrange a schedule。还有，go out for shopping应改为go (out) shopping或do (some) shopping; go some sight-seeings应改为go sightseeing， 此处sightseeing不是动词，前面不可加some，后面也不可加复数词尾“-s”。另外，由于such as前面没有表示景点的词，所以后面也不能直接接Yu Yuan Garden和the People’s Square。
先将原文作适当修改，供读者参考：
You can’t imagine how happy I was when I heard that you would come to visit me. We haven’t seen each other for a long time, so I am counting the days now.
I have drawn up a schedule for your holiday. As you haven’t been to Shanghai before, I guess the first thing you’d like to do is to make a tour of the city. You will find it hard to believe your eyes when you see it, for it is very modern now. So first, we will go sightseeing, such as visiting Yu Yuan Garden and the People’s Square. Then we will do some shopping. If you like, we can go and see some old friends. I bet they will be as happy as I am to see you. What do you think of the suggestions I have made above? If there is anything unsuitable, we can talk about it when you arrive. OK ?
By the way, don’t forget to bring some warm clothes with you, because it is a little bit colder here in Shanghai than in Sichuan.
Remember me to your parents.
8 points
I’m very glad that you will come to see me during the week-long holiday. We have not seen each other for two years. So this time we can spend the holiday together will make me so happy.
Since you left Shanghai two years ago, Shanghai has changed a lot. The city is more beautiful and buildings are higher. You will surely superise the changes. I have helped you to make some arrangments during the holiday. We can go shopping in Naijing Road which is the best road of Shanghai. We can go to people’s square and history museum to visit. We can also visit the JingMao Building which is the highest building of China. Shanghai has many new and good place we can visit. The time table of vist we can make when you come. What do you think of my advice.
评析
这篇文章切题，条理基本清楚，前后也还连贯。作者基本上能表达自己的意思，读者也基本上能看懂。但是，该考生对英语语法和词汇的掌握还需要进一步提高，文章中句子结构上的严重错误较多，有明显的按中文语序造句的痕迹。如：
1． 第1段最后一句so this time we can spend the holiday together will make me so happy
中主语从句this time we can spend the holiday together缺了连接词that,正确的结构应该是(The fact) that we can spend the holiday together this time will make me so happy。当然，如果能改成It makes me very happy to think that we can spend the holiday together this time就更好了。
2． 第2段第3句You will surely superise the changes应改为You will surely be surprised at
the changes。 surprise的意思是“使惊奇”，所以，原文的意思变成“你将肯定令变化惊奇”，而不是“你将肯定对变化感到吃惊”，这样说就不通了。而且在surprise这样的复用式单词上出现了拼写错误。
3． 第2段倒数第2句The time table of visit we can make when you come的次序不符合
英语的习惯，应改成We can make / set up a timetable when you come。
另外，该考生在词的拼写、大小写、名词的单复数以及介词的用法上也出现了各种各
样的错误，说明其英语语言基础还不够扎实，不够全面，还需要相当大的努力才能赶上。
先将原文作适当修改，供读者参考：
I’m very glad that you will come to see me during the weeklong holiday. We have not seen each other for two years. It makes me very happy to think that we can spend the holiday together this time.
Shanghai has changed a lot since you left it two years ago. The city is more beautiful and new high-rises are springing up everywhere. You will surely be surprised / amazed at the changes. I have made some arrangements for your holiday. We can go shopping in Nanjing Road, which is the business center of Shanghai. We can go to the People’s Square and visit the History Museum. We can also visit Jinmao Building, which is the highest building in China. Many other new and wonderful places are also worth visiting. We can set up a timetable when you come. What do you think of it ?
By the way, you should telephone me before you set off for Shanghai. I will meet you at the railway station. I’m looking forward to your arrival.
5 points
I have known you will come to Shanghai. Three years ago, you went to the England. From then, we haven’t meet with each other. I welcome that you can return your country.
From your letter, I have known you have a week-long holiday. There is a great change in Shanghai. I think you must be feel surprised with what you see. So I advise you visit some place, that we often went ago. And you can visit some old-classmates. They also mise you very much.
If you don’t want to hotel, you can live in my home. You’d better buy a map. I’m afraid you will be at a lost. But even if you can’t find bus stop, you still can go to anywhere by taxi. I hope you will have an unforgetable holiday.
评析
这篇作文虽也基本切题，但由于语言错误很多，且多为严重错误，使得作者无法把思想表达清楚，文章的连贯性自然也很差，只能得5分。像这样的考生，在写的能力上与大纲要求还有相当大的距离，须花大气力迎头赶上。
2 points
I’m very happy for your coming.
It’s time for us to visit Shanghai. We can go to popular-squire. It has been great changed since you visited last time. You will surprise for its beauty. Then we can visit Shang Museum. That is interstring. And you can go to Nanjin-road. It is very boom and you can shopping there. We will play very happily during the week-long holiday.
You don’t forget to dail me. And tell me what’s the data, time you coming, where I can pick up your. Don’t carry any-thing because I have ready for all. When coming, you should stay station or we will miss. Remember all above.
I’m wait for your coming. When meeting you, I’ll talk you dital.
评析
这篇作文条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎，大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。可以说，像这样的考生，在英语学习上还没有入门，必须从头开始，狠抓基本功，尽快补上这门课。
这篇短信写作是2001年6月大学英语考试的作文题目。这次的写作与以往有点不同，题目的要求非常具体。命题者的意图很清楚，即尽可能减少考生用于构思的时间，同时也避免少数考生预先猜题，东拼西凑捞分的可能性，从而更真实地反映考生实际的语言能力和作文水平。今后的作文命题可能会摆脱老的套式，题型会不断变化，使其新颖多样。这样做，将更好地引导广大师生遵从语言学习的规律，在基础阶段扎实学好英语词汇、语法，彻底摆脱应试教育的影响，使大学英语教学沿着更加科学、更加高效的道路向前发展。
从以上的几份样卷可以看出，高分段的考生英语词汇、语法掌握得比较扎实，句子结构正确，词语搭配和使用符合英美人的习惯，没有或很少有语法和拼写错误。换言之，他们已经有很好的语感，而这种语感的获得是靠大量的读、听、写的练习积累起来的，绝不是靠做几套模拟题所能奏效的。低分段的考生在句子结构、语法、用词、拼写上会出现各种各样稀奇古怪的错误，究其根本原因是没有好好学习英语。有些大学要求学生认真熟读课文，进而背诵课文，只有这样学生作文水平才能迅速提高；还有一些大学要求更高，不但要读、要背，还要每周或隔周写作，不仅学生写，老师还要改、要讲评，收效就更好了。希望今后在写作训练上要增加投入，师生携手，共同努力，使大学英语的写作水平再上一个台阶。